湖南成人教育學(xué)位英語【閱讀理解】
練習(xí)和答案解析（3）
（一）Poverty in Different Countries
In the United States during 1992, any family of four with an annual cash income of less than $ 14, 335 (before taxes) was considered poor. The dollar amount was called the poverty line, an economic measuring rod devised in 1964. The line was set at three times the amount needed to provide the cheapest nutritionally balanced diet. The poverty line is adjusted annually for inflation.
While the poverty line in the United States was more than $ 14, 000, the average annual per-person income in Bangladesh was $ 200, in Ethiopia $ 130, in Haiti $340, and In Mali 4 265. Anyone in those nations with an income of $ 14, 000 would be considered wealthy. During the Great Depression in the United States, when half the population was considered poor, a family with an income at the 1992 poverty line could afford to buy a house, a car, clothing and food.
The reality of poverty varies with location and social and political conditions. Poverty basically means a lack of, or an insufficient amount of, the three primary physical needs--- food, clothing, and shelter. But for poverty to be recognized, it must exist alongside prosperity. Before the discovery of the New World, the American Indians would not have considered themselves poor, though they lived with only the bare necessities and a few handmade artifacts(人工制品).
The severity of poverty varies, depending on the economic vitality of the nation in which it occurs. In the modern industrialized societies of Western Europe, North America, and Japan, there are many government services provided to ease poverty --- including free medical care and subsidized housing. The homeless of New York City and Los Angeles can usually find some shelter and a mission offering free meals.
46.You would be considered poor in America if ____.
A.You are out of a job.
B.You earn less than three times the amount needed to provide the cheapest diet.
C.You earn less than $ 14, 335 (before taxes) per year.
D.The amount of money you earn is below the current poverty line.
47.The average annual cash income per person before taxes in the USA in 1992 was ____.
A. more than $ 14, 000
B. $200
C.$14,335
D. about $3,580
48.The purpose of the example of the American Indians given in the 3rd paragraph is to show that poverty is ____.
A. absolute
B. non-existent
C.relative
D. never recognized
49.Free medical care and subsidized housing most probably exist in ___ to relieve the poor and the needy.
A. Bangladesh
B. Haiti
C.Canada
D. India
50. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. From 1929 to 1933, 50% of the American population lived in poverty.
B. Where there is prosperity, there is poverty.
C.Poverty basically refers to a lack of clothing, housing and food.
D.Anyone with an annual income around the 1992 American poverty line would be considered wealthy.
內(nèi)容提示與分析：本文主要講述不同國家不同時期的貧困狀況。由于科技水平以及生活水平高低不同，不同的國家，甚至同一個國家，不同時期經(jīng)濟狀況不同，貧困線也不一樣。
（一）答案及分析：
46. A
分析：根據(jù)短文第一段的最后兩句可知選項C太局限了。因為題目問的是“如果…，在美國你可能被認為是貧窮的”，所以14，335美金并不是唯一的衡量標準，只有D符合題意.
47. A
分析：根據(jù)第一段第一句的文意，只有C才符合題目的要求，故答案為C。
48. B
分析：根據(jù)文章第三段第一句，“貧窮隨著當?shù)氐纳鐣驼螚l件的不同而不同”，只有relative符合題意，故答案為B。
49. C
分析：根據(jù)文章最后一段中的In the modern industrialized societies of Western Europe, North America, and Japan, there are many government services provided to ease poverty --- including free medical care and subsidized housing.，只有Western Europe(西歐)，North America(北美)和Japan(日本)才提供免費的醫(yī)療和補助住房，加拿大在北美，故答案為C。
50. D
分析：從文章第二段中的During the Great Depression in the United States, when half the population was considered poor, a family with an income at the 1992 poverty line could afford to buy a house, a car, clothing and food.可以知道A不對。從文章第三段中的But for poverty to be recognized, it must exist alongside prosperity.，可以知道B不對，從文章第三段中的Poverty basically means a lack of, or an insufficient amount of, the three primary physical needs--- food, clothing, and shelter.可以知道C不對，故答案為D。
（二）Teach Your Child to Wonder
Children start out as natural scientists, instinctively eager to investigate the world around them. Helping them enjoy science can be easy, there’s no need for a lot of scientific terms or expensive lab equipment. You only have to share your children’s curiosity. Firstly, listen to their questions. I once visited a classroom of seven-year-olds to talk about science as a career. The children asked me “textbook questions” about schooling, salary and whether I liked my job. When I finished answering, we sat facing one another in science. Finally I said, “Now that we’re finished with your lists, do you have questions of your own about science?”
After a long pause, a boy raised his hand, “have you ever seen a grasshopper eat? When I try eating leaves like that, I got a stomachache. Why? ”
This began a series of questions that lasted nearly two hours.
Secondly, give them time to think. Studies over the past three decades have shown that, after asking a question, adults typically wait only one second or less for a response, no time for a child to think. When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children respond with more logical, complete and creative answers.
Thirdly, watch your language. Once you have a child engaged in a science discussion, don’t jump in with “That’s right” or “Very good.” These words work well when it comes to encouraging good behavior. But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over. Instead, keep things going by saying, “That’s interesting” or “I’d never thought of it that way before,” or coming up with more questions or ideas.
Never urge a child to “Think”. It doesn’t make sense, children are always thinking, without your telling them to. What’s more, this can turn a conversation into a performance. The child will try to find the answer you want, in as few as possible, so he will be a smaller target for your disapproval.
Lastly, show, don’t tell. Real-life impressions of nature are far more impressive than any lesson children can extract from a book or a television program. Let children look at their fingertips through a magnifying glass, and they’ll understand why you want them to wash before dinner. Rather than saying that water evaporates, set a pot of water to boil and let them watch the water level drop.
46.In order to arouse children’s interest, the most important things for adults to do is ___.
A.to encourage them by saying “That’s right frequently ”
B.to share their curiosity
C.to explain difficult phrases about science
D.to offer their children lad devices
47.The word “instinctively” in the first line can be replaced by ____.
A.actively
B.passionately
C.impulsively
D.interestingly
48.According to the passage, children can give more logical, complete and creative answers n science discussion if adults ____.
A.give them some hints
B.encourage them by giving them prize
C.urge them to think
D.wait at least for three seconds after a question
49. According to the fifth and sixth paragraphs, we may infer that ___.
A.to praise does good to a child engaged in a science discussion
B.a child will not think unless you urge him to do so
C.more questions or ideas can keep science discussion going well
D.parents’ language can not affect a child’s performance
50.The author mentions all of the following techniques for adults to share with their children’s curiosity except that adults should_____.
A.tell their children stories instead of reciting facts
B.offer their children the chance to see things for themselves
C.be patient enough when their children answer questions
D.encourage their children to ask questions of their own
內(nèi)容提示與分析：本文介紹如何教會孩子思考，大人應(yīng)激發(fā)他們觀察周圍世界的興趣，并與他們分享這種好奇心。文章介紹了五個要點：第一是要傾聽他們的問題；第二要給他們思考的時間；第三要注意自己的用語；第四不要刻意鼓勵孩子去思考，因為這是沒有用的；第五是應(yīng)通過行動而非言語來使孩子明白道理。
（二）答案及分析：
51. B
分析：從文章第一段第三句You only have to share your children’s curiosity可以知道答案。其他三個選項在文章中沒有提到，或與文意相反。故答案為B。
52. C
分析：instinctively的意思是“生來，本能的”，表達了“孩子生來就像科學(xué)家”這層含義。故答案為C。
53. D
分析：本題考察的是對段落大意的把握，第四段最后一句When adults increase their “wait time” to three seconds or more, children respond with more logical, complete and creative answers.整是該段段意，其他三個選項在文章中沒有提到。故答案為D。
54. C
分析：文章第五段提到But in talking about science, quick praise can signal that discussion is over. Instead, keep things going第六段又說不要刻意激勵孩子去思考。選項A不對，因為不能單純的表揚孩子；選項B不對，因為其意義正好與原文相反；選項D不對，因為從第五段可以知道適當?shù)目洫剷鸬搅己玫淖饔茫⒁夥绞剑蚀鸢笧镃.
55. A
分析：從上面的提示歸納出的幾個要點可以看出，只有A沒有談到，故答案為A.
（三）Mary Katherine Goddard and Declaration of Independence
If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of Independence, beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it, you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded(宣布，預(yù)示)the support of all thirteen colonies.
Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When her proceeded to get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing The Providence Gazette, a weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore’s first newspaper, The Maryland Journal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal service. While he was in debtor’s prison, Mary Katherine Goddard’s name appeared in the newspaper’s masthead (報頭) for the first time.
When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.
During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore’s only newspaper, which one historian claimed was “second to none among the colonies.” She was also the city’s postmaster from 1775 to 1789 --- appointed by Benjamin Franklin –and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.
46.With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
A. The accomplishment of a female publisher.
B. The weaknesses of the newspaper industry.
C. The rights of a female publisher.
D.The publishing system in colonial America.
47.Mary Goddard’s name appears on the Declaration of Independence because____.
A. She helped write the original document
B. She published the document
C. She paid to have the document printed
D.Her brother was in prison
48.According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in publishing when she ____.
A. was appointed by Benjamin Franklin
B. signed the Declaration of Independence
C. took over her brother’s printing shop
D.moved to Baltimore
49.The word “there” in paragraph 3 refers to____.
A. the colonies
B. the print shop
C. Baltimore
D.Providence
50.It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was ____.
A. an accomplished businesswoman
B. extremely wealthy
C. a member of the Continental Congress
D.a famous writer
內(nèi)容提示與分析：作為《獨立宣言》重簽名的唯一女性，瑪麗為美國的獨立做出了獨特的貢獻。本文敘述了她一生的經(jīng)歷從偶然進入出版界道到創(chuàng)辦巴爾的摩的第一份報紙，從勇敢的印刷第一份官方版本的《獨立宣言》到美國歷史上首位擁有聯(lián)邦公職的女性，這些無不顯示了她超人的能力與遠見，縱覽她一生的奮斗史，她的確無愧于“殖民地中第一人”的贊譽。
（三）答案與分析：
56. A
分析：本題考察了對全文的理解。開始從獨立宣言的簽名引出了瑪麗的不平凡，然后介紹她創(chuàng)辦報紙，印刷《獨立宣言》，最后擔任市郵政局局長。文章并沒有介紹權(quán)力。出版系統(tǒng)的狀況，也沒有介紹出版工業(yè)的狀況，故答案為A.
57. B
分析：本題有些隱蔽性。原文第二段最后說While he was in debtor’s prison, Mary Katherine Goddard’s name appeared in the newspaper’s masthead (報頭) for the first time.這說明在弟弟入獄后，她代替他繼續(xù)經(jīng)營報業(yè)，所以應(yīng)選B，文章根本沒有談到撰寫文章，付錢等事，所以A, C不符合題意，而D沒有發(fā)掘出背后的信息。故答案為B。
58. C
分析：答案為第二段最后一句話，由for the first time可以知道答案，A, B所提到的事是在后期才做的，所以不合適，故答案為C。
59. C
分析：由第一段可以知道，瑪麗印刷《獨立宣言》，由第二段可以知道，他的印刷工作都在巴而的摩進行。A, B, D在文中都沒有提到。故答案為C。
60. A
分析：第一段只是提到她是簽名人之一，并沒有說她是議員，所以C不對，也不能確定她是不是有錢，有名。從她的行為和成就看，可以肯定的是：她是一位取得了巨大成就的商業(yè)女性，故答案為A.
（四）A Good Couple Supports Each Other
Rodney Mace, 35, is married with two young children, and is a part-time teacher of architectural history, “I am constantly surprised by other people’s surprise, when they come to the house and see me cleaning a floor or hanging out the washing. Their eyes open wide at the sight of it! Much of the comment comes from men. But I am even more surprised at the number of women who comment too.”
His wife Jane, an Oxford graduate in modern languages, has a demanding full-time job. She is director of the Cambridge House literacy scheme for adults in South London. Her working week involves several evenings and Saturdays, and at these times her husband is in sole charge of home and family. Apart from this, they share household jobs and employ a child-minder for the afternoons. This enables him to teach two days a week and to do what he considers his principal work: writing. He has written several books and spends much of his time in British Museum Reading Room, cycling there from his home in Brixton.
People ask the Maces if they think their children miss them. One can argue that satisfied parents generally have satisfied children, but in any case the Maces are careful to reserve time and energy to play with their children. “And they have now developed relationships with other adults and children.”
Previously, Rodney Mace worked full-time and Jane only part-time. Then 18 months ago, the director of the literacy scheme left. “It seems to me that Jane was very well suited to do this job. She was very doubtful about it. But I urged her to apply. She did and she got it.” Jane Mace confirms that she needed this encouragement, as so many women initially do,
Did his male ego(自我，自己)suffer from the change-over? Nothing like that occurred. But he still seems amazed at the way it changed his thinking. “I felt that we were finally going to be partners. I felt enormous relief, I wasn’t avoiding responsibility, but changing it. Our relationship is so much better now. It has been a change for the good for both of us – in every aspect, I think it is fundamental that the woman works. The idea of equal partnership is an illusion if one partner doesn’t work.”
1. The article is about a couple whose married life is happier because___.
A.they have a truly equal partnership
B.the husband enjoy staying at home
C.they earn more money
D.the wife has a full-time job
2. Jane finally decided to apply for her present job because____.
A.she thought she had better qualification than others
B.her husband persuaded her to
C.it was very well paid
D.some of her friends encouraged her to
3. It is implied the passage that____.
A.The Maces believe a good career is even more important than their family life
B.Rodney’s children are quite happy with their position in the family
C.Even capable women sometimes need encouragement from their families
D.The practice of sharing household jobs between husband and wife is commonplace in London
4. We can infer from this passage that a changeover of roles in the family ____.
A.is quite necessary in modern life
B.is probably based on some practical reasons
C.aims solely at a complete emancipation of women
D.shows women are not necessarily inferior to men
5. Which of the following statements is true?
A.Most Englishmen think that a husband should do more housework than a wife.
B.In London the traditional idea about the sex role at home has been completely changed.
C.Many Englishmen and Englishwomen still take it for granted that women are mainly in charge of home and family.
D.English people believe that men should take more responsibilities for housework.
（四）答案及分析：
1.A
分析：該題考察考生理解主旨要義的能力。要想答好此題，必須對全文內(nèi)容有清晰的了解。
2.B
分析：該題考察考生獲取具體信息的能力。答案可在倒數(shù)第二段中獲得。這是本講當中的重點，大家可以以此題為例體會一下這個題型。只要沒有錯過具體信息，做到此題時準確找到問題的出處，出錯的可能性不大。
3.C
分析：該題考察考生推理，判斷的能力。將在下一講中提到。推理的基礎(chǔ)是對全文的正確理解。
4.B
分析：該題還是考察考生的推理判斷能力。
5.C
分析：該題還是考察考生的推理判斷能力。
【閱讀理解】練習(xí)和答案解析（3）：免費下載（word文檔）
